Currently
PhD candidate in cognitive psychology at the University of Waterloo,
Canada
Research Interests
Metacognition, memory, metamemory, learning, belief
Education
2019 - 2024
PhD (expected June 2024), University of Waterloo,
Cognitive Psychology
- Advisors: Evan F. Risko and Colin M. MacLeod
2024
Graduate Diploma in Computational Data Analytics for the
Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Waterloo
2017 - 2019
Dartmouth College, Psychological and Brain
Sciences
2015 - 2017
M.Soc.Sci, National University of Singapore,
Psychology
- Advisor: Trevor B. Penney
2011 - 2015
B.Soc.Sci. (2nd Upper Honours), National University of
Singapore, Psychology
Publications
Published/In Press
- Risko, E.F., Kelly, M.O., Lu, X., & Pereira,
A.P. (in press). Varieties of offloading memory: A framework. In Q. Wang
& A. Hoskins (Eds.), The remaking of memory in the age of social
media and the Internet. Oxford University Press.
- Kelly, M. O., Lu, X., Ensor, T. M., MacLeod, C. M.,
& Risko, E.F. (2024). Productions need not match study items to
confer a production advantage, but it helps. Experimental
Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000600
- Lu, X.†, Zhu, M.J.H.†, & Risko, E.F. (2024).
Semantic partitioning facilitates memory for object location through
category-partition cueing. Memory. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2024.2319363
- Lu, X., Zhu, M.J.H., & Risko, E.F. (2023).
Semantic relatedness can impair memory for item locations.
Psychological Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-023-01889-7
- Kang, S.H.K, Eglington, L.G., Schuetze, B.A., Lu,
X., Hinterstoisser, T.M., & Huaco, J. (2023). Using
Cognitive Science and Technology to Enhance Financial Education: The
Effect of Spaced Retrieval Practice. Journal of Financial Counseling
and Planning, 34(1), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.1891/jfcp-2021-0032
- Kelly, M.O., Ensor, T.M., Lu, X., MacLeod, C.M.,
& Risko, E.F. (2022). Reducing retrieval time modulates the
production effect: Empirical evidence and computational accounts.
Journal of Memory and Language, 123, 104299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2021.104299
- Pereira, A., Kelly, M.O., Lu, X., & Risko, E.F.
(2022). On our susceptibility to external memory store manipulation:
Examining the influence of perceived reliability and expected access to
an external store. Memory, 30(4), 412-428. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2021.1990347
- Lu, X., Kelly, M.O., & Risko, E.F. (2022). The
gist of it: Offloading memory does not reduce the benefit of list
categorization. Memory, 30(4), 396-411. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2021.1989465
- Lu, X., Penney, T.B., & Kang, S.H.K. (2021).
Category similarity affects study choices in self-regulated learning.
Memory & Cognition, 49(1), 67–82. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-020-01074-w
- Lu, X., Kelly, M.O., & Risko, E.F. (2020).
Offloading information to an external store increases false recall.
Cognition, 205, 104428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104428
Under review
- Lu, X. & Risko, E.F. The relatedness halo
in predictions of learning. Submitted to Cognition.
COGNIT-D-24-00185
- Lu, X., Wang, J., & MacLeod, C.M.
Production increases both true and false recognition. Submitted
to Journal of Memory and Language. JML-23-210
- Lu, X., Bhandari, B., & Risko, E.F. How do
metamemory beliefs change with experience? A constructive, cue-dependent
framework. Submitted to Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory & Cognition. XLM-2024-0130
In prep
- Lu, X. & MacLeod, C.M. Does production
influence implicit memory?
- Lu, X. & Risko, E.F. Metacognitive belief
consistency.
- Lu, X. & Risko, E.F. Metamemory belief
structure.
- Lu, X. & Risko, E.F. Cognitive offloading
and directed forgetting.
- Lu, X. & Risko, E.F. The effect of typing
on cognitive offloading.
Presentations
Talks
- Bhandari, B.^*, Lu, X., Risko, E.F. (2023, May).
Metamemory belief change: Investigating how the relatedness benefit
belief is influenced by study experience. Talk presented at the
53rd Annual Ontario Psychology Undergraduate Thesis Conference, Windsor,
ON.
- Lu, X.^ & Risko, E.F. (2022, July).
Examining the ‘relatedness halo’ in predictions of learning.
Talk presented at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for
Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Science, Halifax, NS.
- Risko, E.F.^, Kelly, M.O., Lu, X., Ensor, T.M.,
& MacLeod, C.M. (2022, July). Examining the influence of the
target production relation on the production effect. Talk presented
at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for Brain, Behaviour
and Cognitive Science, Halifax, NS.
- Pereira, A.^, Kelly, M.O., Lu, X., & Risko,
E.F. (2021, July). Influences of Perceived Reliability and Expected
Access to an External Store on Vulnerability to External Store
Manipulation. Talk presented at the Cognitive Offloading Meeting
(Online).
- Risko, E.F.^, Lu, X., Kelly, M.O., & Pereira,
A.P. (2020, November). Cognitive offloading and prospective
memory. Talk presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the
Psychonomic Society (Online).
- Kelly, M.O.^ & Lu, X.^ (2020, June; cancelled
due to COVID19). The production effect and retrieval time. Talk
accepted at the 30th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for Brain,
Behaviour and Cognitive Science, Burnaby, BC.
Posters
- Lu, X.^ & Risko, E.F. (2023, November). On
the stability of our metamemory beliefs. Poster to be presented at
the 64rd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, San Francisco,
CA.
- Lu, X.^ & Risko, E.F. (2022, November).
Examining the ‘relatedness halo’ in predictions of learning.
Poster presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society,
Boston, MA.
- Lu, X.^†, Zhu, M.J.H.†, & Risko, E.F. (2022,
July). Semantically homogenous item displays benefit memory for
object recall but not object location. Poster presented at the 44nd
Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Toronto, ON.
- Lu, X.^, Kelly, M.O., & Risko, E.F. (2021,
November). Saved but not forgotten? Comparing the effects of
instructions to offload versus to forget. Poster presented at the
62nd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, New Orleans, LA
(Online).
- Lu, X.^, Kelly, M.O., & Risko, E.F. (2021,
July). To type or not to type: The cost of offloading memory is
unchanged by the act of typing. Poster presented at the Cognitive
Offloading Meeting (Online).
- Lu, X.^†, Zhu, M.J.H.†, & Risko, E.F. (2021,
July). The effect of semantic categorization on object location
memory. Poster presented at the 43nd Annual Meeting of the
Cognitive Science Society (Online).
- Pereira, A., Kelly, M.O., Lu, X., & Risko, E.F.
(2021, July). The perception of reduced reliability in an external
store reduces vulnerability to its manipulation. Poster presented
at the 43nd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society
(Online).
- Lu, X.^, Kelly, M.O., & Risko, E.F. (2021,
June). Offloading memory does not reduce the benefit of list
categorization. Poster presented at the 30th Annual Meeting of the
Canadian Society for Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Science
(Online).
- Lu, X.^, & MacLeod, C.M. (2020, November).
Production increases both true and false memory. Poster
presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society
(Online).
- Lu, X.^, Kelly, M.O., & Risko, E.F. (2020,
July). Cognitive offloading increases false recall. Poster
presented at the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society
(Online).
- Kelly, M.O.^, Lu, X., Risko, E.F., & MacLeod,
C.M. (2020, July). Reducing retrieval time modulates the production
effect. Poster presented at the 42nd Annual Meeting of the
Cognitive Science Society (Online).
- Lu, X.^, Coch, D., & Kang, S.H.K. (2019,
November). Differential effects of blocked and interleaved training
on a same-different category judgment task. Poster presented at the
60th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Montreal, QC.
- Kang, S.H.K., Eglington, L. G.^, Schuetze, B. A.^, Lu,
X., Huaco, J., & Hinterstoisser, T.M. (2019, November).
Using Cognitive Science and Technology to Enhance Financial
Education. Poster presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the
Psychonomic Society, Montreal, QC.
- Lu, X.^, Penney, T.B., & Kang, S.H.K. (2018,
November). Self-regulated Category Learning: Learners Are Sensitive
to Category Structure. Poster presented at the 59th Annual Meeting
of the Psychonomic Society, New Orleans, LA.
- Chen, A.^*, Kasireddy, N.^*, Fang, D.^*, Kuczmarski, T., Lu,
X., Mullins, D.W., Kang, S.H.K. (2018, May). The benefit of
spaced retrieval practice for medical students’ retention and transfer
of basic science knowledge. Poster presented at the 27th Wetterhahn
Science Symposium, Hanover, NH.
- Lu, X.^, Kang, S.H.K., & Penney, T.B. (2018,
May). Interleaving or blocking in category learning? It may depend
on cognitive load. Poster presented at the International Meeting of
the Psychonomic Society, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
† denotes equal contribution(s)
^ denotes presenting author(s)
* denotes supervised undergraduate student
Teaching
2019 - 2024
Graduate Teaching Assistant, University of
Waterloo
- Winter 2024: Psychology of Economic Decisions - PSYCH 470
- Fall 2023: Advanced Analysis of Variance - PSYCH 630
- Winter 2023: Special Topics in Psychology: Data Analysis &
Graphing in R - PSYCH 640
- Winter 2022: Psychological Measurement – PSYCH 492
- Spring 2021: Applied Topics in Psychology – PSYCH 470
- Fall 2020: Advanced Data Analysis – PSYCH 391
- Fall 2019: Cognitive Processes – PSYCH 207
2022
Instructor, University of Waterloo
- Fall 2022: Cognitive Processes – PSYCH 207 (Instructor of
Record)
2018
Graduate Teaching Assistant, Dartmouth College
- Fall 2018: Experimental Design, Methodology, and Data Analysis
Procedures – PSYC 10
2015 - 2017
Graduate Teaching Assistant, National University of
Singapore
- Spring 2017: Learning and Conditioning – PL3248
- Spring 2017: Psychology in Everyday Life – PLB1201
- Fall 2016: Introduction to Psychology – PL1101E
- Fall 2016: Cognitive Psychology – PL3233
- Spring 2016: Learning and Conditioning – PL3248
- Spring 2016: Social Psychology – PL3235
- Fall 2015: Cognitive Psychology – PL3233
Mentoring
2019 – present
University of Waterloo
Mentored undergraduate theses: Bhumika Bhandari, Shayla Rose, Rachel
Lui.
Mentored undergraduate researchers: Aisling (Ash) Sampson, Hyacinth
Raymundo, Batul Karimjee, Ang Gai, Jocelyn Cheng, Brinda Patel, Amanda
Pileggi.
Taught a 10 week workshop on JavaScript programming for psychology
experiments on the web.
[link]
2017 – 2019
Dartmouth College
Mentored undergraduate researchers: Autumn Diggs, Amanda Chen,
Nandita Kasireddy, Danielle Fang, Selin Capan.
Awards and Distinctions
2024
NSERC Postdoctoral Fellowship
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada,
$90,000
Doctoral Thesis Completion Award
University of Waterloo, $4,000
2021
Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarship – Doctoral
(CGS-D)
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada,
$105,000
President’s Graduate Scholarship
University of Waterloo, $30,000
Ontario Graduate Scholarship
Province of Ontario, $15,000 (declined)
2020
Arts Senate Graduate Scholarship
University of Waterloo, $750
Policy Datafest Competition Runner-up Award
University of Waterloo, $500
[As
seen on Arts News]
2017
Doctoral Entrance Award
University of Waterloo, $5,000 (declined)
2016
Graduate Student Teaching Award
National University of Singapore, $100
2015 - 2017
Tuition Fee Award
National University of Singapore, $24,000
Technical Skills
Programming Languages R, Python, JavaScript, MATLAB,
SQL, bash/shell
Data Analysis General and generalized linear (mixed)
models, Generalized estimating equations, Structural equation modeling,
Multidimensional scaling, Cluster analysis, Machine learning
Experiment Presentation PsychoPy, jsPsych,
psychtoolbox
Web Development HTML, CSS, jQuery, Bootstrap
Other Relevant Employment
2022
Graduate Research Assistant, Cognition and Natural Behaviour
Lab
- Literature review in collaboration with industry partner
Graduate Research Assistant, Besner Lab
- JavaScript experiment programming
2021
Graduate Research Assistant, Memory, Attention and Cognition
Lab
- JavaScript and R programming
2020
Graduate Research Assistant, Cognition and Natural Behaviour
Lab
- JavaScript experiment programming
2014
Undergraduate Research Assistant, Brain and Behavior Lab
- Running EEG experiments
- Data cleaning and analysis (MATLAB)
Service
Ad-hoc Reviewer
Applied Cognitive Psychology | Brain and Cognition
Cognition | Memory & Cognition | Memory | Neuropsychology
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